Science
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A spiral of science
Science at Waldorf High School is an intensive exploration of the main branches and areas of chemistry, physics, and biology through all four years, in addition to the study of earth science in ninth and tenth grades. We return to each of these fields every year as our students' intellects mature, and they can approach the subject matter with increasing sophistication and depth. The opportunity to explore each field repeatedly also provides students the time to reflect on these topics and to integrate their understanding with newly acquired knowledge in other sciences and subjects.
First, observe
We study all the sciences with a phenomenological approach. In general terms, this approach is as follows: Class begins with the consideration of a phenomenon. Students observe it intently, and then describe their observations verbally or in writing. The class and their teacher share their observations, consider the details they have gathered, and perhaps repeat the experiment. Students' observations lead to questions about why these results have occurred. They discuss possible causes and reach a probable conclusion that is compared with accepted scientific theory. Throughout, their thinking is engaged in the process of accurate description and disciplined inquiry in order to make sense of phenomena. They derive scientific principles from careful observation. At all levels, even as the subject matter grows ever more complex and imperceptible to human senses, observation and discovery precede theoretical explanations.
Then, explore
Our science laboratories are both in school, where we have a well-equipped lab for a wide range of experiments and discovery, and beyond. Frequent field trips to natural settings to study biology, botany, hydrology, marine science, and wild life ecology are an integral part of all our science courses. In addition to hands-on experimentation and fieldwork, students study the history and development of the physical and biological sciences through research assignments and independent experiments.
At last, understand
By the end of their four years of science at Waldorf High School, our graduates are able to reason analytically and quantitatively. They understand the relationship of science to human activity. They have become keen observers of complex events, and have ample capacity for creative imagination in support of their ability to make sense of new phenomenological situations. Through their study of science at Waldorf High School, they have learned to ask, and answer, the profound questions: "How do we know what we know?" and "What is the foundation for knowing?"
Physics I: Heat and Heat Engines, Ninth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus
Organic Chemistry, Ninth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Raizen
Earth Science I: Geology, Ninth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero
Human Anatomy and Physiology, Ninth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero
Physics II: Mechanics, Tenth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus
Chemistry II: Acids, Bases & Salts, Tenth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Raizen
Earth Science II: Hydrology, Tenth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero
Human Physiology/Embryology, Tenth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero
Chemistry III, Eleventh Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus
Physics III: Electricity & Magnetism, Eleventh Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus
Botany, Eleventh Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero
Life Science Course, Eleventh Grade, Ms. Ruggiero
Physics IV: Optics, Twelfth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus
Zoology, Twelfth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero
Chemistry IV, Twelfth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus
Physical Science Course, Twelfth Grade, Mr. Claus
Physics I: Heat and Heat Engines, Ninth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus We will study changes in materials associated with changes in temperature: expansion, contraction, and phase changes. We will study Joseph Black and the distinction between heat intensity and temperature. Using his technique of calorimetry, students will find the specific heat of various metals, the heat of fusion of ice, and the heat of vaporization of steam. Also, the students will learn about the steam engine (James Watt), and the internal combustion engine. There will be several student laboratories.
-Go to top-Organic Chemistry, Ninth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Raizen Chemistry involves the transformation of one substance into another. What exactly is a chemical reaction? How is the transformed substance related to the original substance? What is the role of energy in a chemical reaction? The class pursues these questions as we move through a series of demonstrations and hands-on experiments. Chemical reactions associated with combustion, photosynthesis and other organic processes are studied as we build an understanding of what chemistry is.
-Go to top-Earth Science I: Geology, Ninth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero What are the natural cycles that maintain life on earth? Through this investigation students may develop a greater appreciation for these life-supporting resources and their renewal through the earth spheres, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere. What are the formative forces that shape and reshape the land, the mountains and the oceans? The students will encounter the basic concepts of geology and learn how they relate to the important environmental issues of our day. We will seek to understand these processes of change that have worked over eons of time to create our familiar land forms.
-Go to top-Human Anatomy and Physiology, Ninth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero Beginning with a historical perspective, we will study anatomy with an appreciation for the most incredible masterpiece ever, the human body. After an overview of the interwoven fabric of the ten body systems, we will examine in more depth the human skeleton, including the growth and structure of bones and their relationship to patterns and form in nature. Next, we will look at the interaction and structure of the muscles and nerves. Are they solely responsible for the functioning of our senses? Finally, we will observe the circulatory system and the human heart. Microscopes will be introduced as we look at these various specialized tissues.
-Go to top-Physics II: Mechanics, Tenth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus The students will study statics and kinematics, and in particular, vector representation of force and velocity, torque (including center of gravity), motions with uniform velocity as well as uniform acceleration, free fall, Newton's laws of motion, inertia, work, power, and energy. Emphasis will be on sharpening observational skills, developing laboratory techniques, evaluating graphs, and applying mathematical concepts. There will be several student laboratories.
-Go to top-Chemistry II: Acids, Bases & Salts, Tenth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Raizen Salts are compounds that are common throughout nature. When they are broken down, acidic and basic components result. We will be studying the compounds, the components, and the reactions among them. In addition, we will study solubility and crystallization. Class includes laboratory work as well as demonstrations. Chemical equations are introduced.
-Go to top-Earth Science II: Hydrology, Tenth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero The goal in tenth grade earth science is to help students think bio-regionally and understand landforms of different physiographic regions and their inter-relationships. We will discuss the questions, "What kind of activities can a region withstand?" and "What are the consequences of the actions of human beings now and in the future?" We will study the unique properties of water and look at watersheds, drainage basins, rivers, coastlines, oceans, and currents. The students' research projects will be an important part of the class.
-Go to top-Human Physiology/Embryology, Tenth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero We shall set the stage by studying the endocrine system and capacity of the glands to stimulate or inhibit various biological processes. Nutrition and sleep habits and how these affect our general well-being will be explored. Then we will plunge into the heart of embryology, the union of the male and female gametes. How do two cells become one? We shall hone our microscope skills as we look at various stages in the development of the embryo. The students will consider how choices regarding sexuality are made and how they affect their lives.
-Go to top-Chemistry III, Eleventh Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus The periodic table is, in many ways, an icon of the twentieth century. We will learn the history of the table, how it is arranged, and how to use it as a tool. In addition, we will focus on the real experience of a number of different elements, since the table does not convey many of the qualities of the elements. Hydrogen is much more than an atomic number, weight, and density. Work will continue on chemical equations.
-Go to top-Physics III: Electricity & Magnetism, Eleventh Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus This course will cover phenomena due to tribo-electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetism. The students will gain an understanding of charges, electric and magnetic fields, as well as their interaction. Practical applications, such as the generator, electric motor, and transformer will be explored. Major attention, time, and effort will be put in at home and during class to build electric circuits from electronic parts. Students will learn to use analog and digital multimeters. Every student will research an individual topic chosen from a list.
-Go to top-Botany, Eleventh Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero We will observe the plant kingdom to explore the lawfulness of nature. What is the process of the unfurling and growth of a leaf or a flower? Our investigations will lead us to discover what the characteristics are which group plants into families. We shall learn some of the more common inhabitants of our area and the amazing relationships many plants have with insects. Field work will be an important aspect of the course with the highlight being a trip to Bartholomew's Cobble and the Hi-Rock Y in western Massachusetts.
-Go to top-Life Science Course, Eleventh Grade, Ms. Ruggiero This year long course will focus on ecosystems and observation of a few of them through the seasons. In the fall we will learn about the dynamics of vernal pools and the creatures that inhabit them, and in the winter we will focus on animal tracking. In the spring the students will supplement their botany coursework with a block on gardening.
-Go to top-Physics IV: Optics, Twelfth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus The focus of this block will be on ray-optics. Phenomena like shadows, reflection on plain and curved surfaces, refraction, and diffraction will be investigated through teacher demonstrations and student laboratories. Students will prepare individual reports about a related topic chosen from a list. Reading Einstein for Beginners, by Joseph Schwartz and Michael McGuiness, together in class and/or at home will provide ample opportunity to review key experiments and scientists throughout the history of physics.
-Go to top-Zoology, Twelfth Grade Main Lesson, Ms. Ruggiero What does the human being have in common with the starfish? We will investigate the diverse phyla of the animal kingdom from the protozoa to the mammals. Are there patterns we can observe in the form, color, and behavior of animals? What is the relationship of the human being to them? We will look at the biography of Charles Darwin. What was the scientific thinking on the origin of life in his time and what led him to this theory of evolution? What are the current variations on this theory now?
-Go to top-Chemistry IV, Twelfth Grade Main Lesson, Mr. Claus What is matter and how do we understand it? Consideration of both particles and fields are part of this study. Can we infer unseen entities from their effects? Can we see for ourselves what is real? This course begins with the focus on what is small, and in many ways beyond our senses, but moves into things that impact our senses every day, namely, chemistry in our environment.
-Go to top-Physical Science Course, Twelfth Grade, Mr. Claus The goal of the physical science elective in twelfth grade is to provide a more in-depth study of physics and chemistry for those who may be interested in pursuing a science/engineering major in college. Particular emphasis in this year-long course will be placed on the application of scientific concepts and principles to familiar and unfamiliar situations, and quantitative reasoning. Physics topics will be chosen from mechanics of motion, work and energy, simple machines, various momentums, gravitation, temperature and stress responses, geometrical and physical optics, and electromagnetism. Chemistry topics will be chosen from atomic and molecular structure, periodic table and the chemistry of selected elements, chemical bonding, structures and reactions of inorganic compounds with examples from modern materials science. Strong mathematics ability and confidence is recommended. Permission of the teacher is required to enroll in this course.
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